Glossary

2-Abz - 2-Aminobenzoyl, feem ntau ua ke nrog 2,4-dinitrophenyl (Dnp) los yog 3-nitro-tyrosine (NitroTyr) los ua Fluorophore/Quencher khub. excitation ntawm 320 nm, emission ntawm 420 nm.

3-Abz (m-aminobenzoic acid) tuaj yeem pom tau tias yog -amino acid. Thaum m-aminobenzoic acid tau muab tso rau hauv peptide chains, nws ua rau lub zog tig.

4-Abz (p-Aminobenzoic acid, PABA), yog ib qho tshwm sim ntawm benzoic acid derivative, kuj tuaj yeem siv los ua cov kab tawm tsis sib xws.

Abu, L- -Aminobutyryl ((S)-2-Amino-butanoyl), -aminobutyric acid, yog ib qho amino acid derivative. Vim nws cov qauv zoo sib xws rau cov amino acids ntuj, nws feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tsim thiab kev sib txuas ntawm peptides thiab peptide mimetics.

Ac sawv cev rau acetyl. N-terminal acetylation yog ib qho kev hloov kho kom ruaj khov rau peptides hauv qhov xwm txheej.

Acm, Acetamidomethyl, tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm siv Hg(II) lossis Ag(I). Nws yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv thiol tiv thaiv pab pawg rau cysteine ​​thaum sib txuas cov peptides nrog ntau daim ntawv cog lus disulfide.

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) yog ib yam tshuaj uas tso tawm los ntawm lub anterior pituitary uas nkoos lub adrenal cortex los tsim corticosteroids.

Aad (L- -aminoadipic acid) yog cov amino acid uas tsis yog-proteinogenic. Nws cov qauv zoo ib yam li glutamic acid (Glu), nrog ib pab pawg methylene ntxiv hauv nws cov saw hlau sab.

(2-Aminoethoxy) acetic acid, kuj paub tias yog glycine ethyl ester los yog glycine ethylamide, tuaj yeem siv los ua tus spacer lossis linker hauv peptide hloov kho synthesis.

1-(1'-adamantyl)-1-methyl-ethoxycarbonyl, acid-labile amino tiv thaiv pawg hauv peptide synthesis, tuaj yeem tiv thaiv los ntawm 3% TFA/CH2Cl2

AFC (7-Amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin) yog ib qho tshuaj fluorescent nrog kev ua kom zoo siab ntawm coumarin tso tawm ntawm 395-400 nm, emission ntawm 495-505 nm.

Cov tsiaj hnyav dua molecular yog tsim vim tsis yog-covalent adhesion ntawm cov tsiaj me. Hauv cov protein tshwj xeeb, kev sib sau ua ke yog ib daim ntawv ntawm denaturation uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw tsis muaj polar nrog cov txheej txheem thib ob, xws li cov uas feem ntau tsim kev sib cuam tshuam intramolecular thiab raug faus rau hauv -helices thiab -sheets ntawm cov protein. Molecules cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg, qee zaum tsim cov ntaub ntawv polymolecular insoluble. Aggregation contrasts nrog oligomerization, ib txwm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm raug folded haiv neeg cov proteins kom tsim ntau dua-order polymers.

AHX, Aminohexanoyl, 6-amino hexanoic acid, kuj hu ua Aca los yog LC, feem ntau yog qhia raws li ib tug luv luv tsis-polar spacer ntawm biotin, fluorophores thiab peptide sequences.

2-Aminoisobutyric acid yog ib qho tsis tshua muaj protein ntau amino acid uas yog cov khoom kawg ntawm pyrimidine metabolism thiab tawm hauv cov zis thiab muaj nyob rau hauv qee cov tshuaj tua kab mob fungal. Kuj tseem siv los hloov cov amino acids ntuj rau peptide synthesis.

Cawv yog cov organic tebchaw uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev muaj ib, ob lossis ntau pawg hydroxyl (-OH) uas txuas rau cov pa roj carbon atom hauv ib pawg alkyl lossis hydrocarbon saw. Peptide alcohols yog cov tshuaj tseem ceeb hauv tsev kho mob uas tsis txaus tshawb nrhiav hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo (SAR) rau kev tshawb nrhiav tshuaj. Piv txwv li, DAMGO yog ib qho opioid receptor agonist hloov los ntawm cawv ntawm C-terminal, nrog rau qhov sib lawv liag ntawm Tyr-{d-Ala}-Gly-{Me-Phe}-Gly-ol. Nws muaj kev xaiv siab thiab kev sib raug zoo rau μ-opioid receptor.

Ib qho aldehyde yog cov organic compound uas cov pawg carbonyl txuas nrog cov pa roj carbon atom kawg ntawm cov saw hlau. Peptide aldehydes yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv biochemistry thiab tshuaj lom neeg biology rau inhibition thiab tshuaj tsis ua haujlwm ntawm proteases.

Aloc - Allyloxycarbonyl, amino tiv thaiv pawg (tseem hu ua Alloc). Kev tiv thaiv tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm nrog Pd (PPh3) 4.

Alzheimer's kab mob, cim los ntawm -amyloid plaques thiab tau tangles, tshwm sim los ntawm synaptic tsis ua hauj lwm thiab clearance txoj kev teeb meem, ua rau kev txawj ntse tsis zoo.

7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) yog ib qho fluorescent sojntsuam rau peptide labeling hauv kev tshawb fawb protease. Nws conjugation mus rau peptide quenches lub teeb liab fluorescent, thiab tso tawm AMC raws li protease cleavage muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj nuj nqis enzyme, nrog excitation / emission maxima ntawm 345/445 nm. Piv txwv li, qhov nyiam substrate fluorescent peptide rau kev txiav txim siab trypsin zoo li kev ua ntawm purified proteasome, nrog rau cov kab ke: Ac-Arg-Leu-Arg-AMC.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), ib qho tshuaj hormones tsim thiab tso tawm los ntawm atria ntawm lub plawv hauv kev teb rau cov ntshav ntim thiab siab. Nws ua haujlwm los tswj cov kua dej sib npaug thiab ntshav siab los ntawm kev txhawb nqa vasodilation, nce zis ntau lawm (diuresis), thiab txo cov sodium reabsorption hauv ob lub raum. Cov kev ua no pab tiv thaiv cov teebmeem ntawm cov ntshav siab thiab cov kua dej ntau dhau hauv lub cev.

Antigenic peptides yog luv luv amino acid sequences muab los ntawm cov proteins lossis lwm yam biomolecules uas ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov peptides no tau lees paub los ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob txawv teb chaws lossis txawv teb chaws rau lub cev, ua rau kev ua kom lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob xws li T hlwb thiab B hlwb. Antigenic peptides ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob, suav nrog kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Lawv tau kawm dav hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv vim tias lawv muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob lossis cov hlwb txawv txav.

Lub synthesis ntawm asymmetric peptides nrog 2, 4, thiab 8 ceg tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev tso tawm lysine, arginine, lossis glutamic acid rau hauv cov kab ke peptide.

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA, Arg (Me) 2) yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg tshwm sim thiab ib qho endogenous inhibitor ntawm nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Fmoc-Arg(Me)2-OH (asymmetrical) tuaj yeem siv ncaj qha rau kev sib txuas ntawm peptides uas muaj asymmetric dimethylarginine.

5-Aminovaleric acid, tuaj yeem siv los ua tus spacer lossis linker hauv peptide hloov kho synthesis.

Benzyloxymethyl (Bom) yog ib qho acid-labile imidazole tiv thaiv pab pawg siv hauv Boc-SPPS txheej txheem rau histidine-muaj peptides. Benzyloxymethyl tsim cov tshuaj reactive formaldehyde tom qab kho nrog kua qaub. Yog li ntawd, Bom yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws cleavaged nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm Cys, methoxyamine los yog lwm yam tebchaw uas reacts nrog aldehydes.

-amino acids muaj lawv cov amino pawg txuas nrog -carbon, uas yog lub thib ob carbon atom deb ntawm pawg carboxyl. Cov qauv qauv dav dav rau -amino acid tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li: R-CH(NH2)-COOH

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), ib yam tshuaj uas tsim los ntawm lub plawv ventricles nyob rau hauv teb rau ntau stretching ntawm lub plawv cov leeg hlwb. Nws ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov ntshav siab thiab kua dej sib npaug, feem ntau los ntawm kev txhawb nqa vasodilation thiab nce sodium excretion los ntawm ob lub raum.

t-Butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) yog cov kua qaub-labilea-amino tiv thaiv pawg hauv peptide synthesis, tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm TFA / methylene chloride (1: 1), HCl hauv ethyl acetate lossis dioxane, 98% formic acid.

2-(4-Biphenylyl) isopropyloxycarbonyl (Bpoc) yog ib qho acid-labilea -amino tiv thaiv pab pawg hauv peptide synthesis, tuaj yeem cleavaged nrog 1% TFA / methylene chloride.

Peptides nrog 2, 4, thiab 8 ceg tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev tso tawm lysine, arginine, lossis glutamic acid rau hauv peptide ib ntus.

t-Butyldimethylsilyl (TBS lossis TBDMS) yog hydroxyl tiv thaiv pab pawg sib xws nrog Fmoc-SPPS. Nws yog acid-labile thiab tuaj yeem xaiv cleaved los ntawm fluoride ions.

Benzoyl yog ib pawg acyl feem ntau qhia ntawm N-terminus ntawm peptides. Nws yog polar tsawg dua acetyl (Ac) thiab tuaj yeem ua raws li kev hloov pauv mus tas li.

Benzyl (Bzl) ib qho alkyl residue thiab ib pab pawg tiv thaiv sab hauv siv los thaiv cov cawv (Ser, Thr, Hyp) hauv peptide synthesis. Nws tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov kua qaub muaj zog lossis catalytic hydrogenolysis (xws li hydrogen / Pd).

Cholecystokinin (CCK) yog peptide hormone tsim los ntawm cov mucosa ntawm txoj hnyuv sab sauv thiab pom nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus paj hlwb. Nws txhawb nqa lub gallbladder contraction, pancreatic enzyme tso tawm, thiab cuam tshuam ntau yam txheej txheem ntawm plab hnyuv.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) yog ib qho 37-amino acid peptide ntsig txog calcitonin, amylin, thiab adrenomedullin. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv ob daim ntawv, -CGRP (CGRP I) thiab -CGRP (CGRP II), nrog rau cov kev ua ub no zoo sib xws. CGRP feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv kev hnov ​​​​lus thiab hauv nruab nrab neurons, cuam tshuam rau cov hlab plawv, calcium metabolism, thiab fetoplacental vascular tone. Nws cov receptors yog G-protein-coupled thiab qhib adenylate cyclase, cuam tshuam nrog receptor kev hloov kho cov proteins (RAMPs) rau ligand tshwj xeeb thiab kev lag luam ntawm tes.

L-Cyclohexylalanine (Cha) yog ib qho non-polar amino acid analog ntawm phenylalanine, qhov twg lub nplhaib uas muaj ntxhiab yog hloov los ntawm lub nplhaib cyclohexane. Qhov kev hloov pauv no tso cai rau kev kawm txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov amino acids uas muaj ntxhiab hauv kev sib cuam tshuam xws li π-π kev sib cuam tshuam los ntawm kev hloov cov phenylalanine residues nrog Cha hauv kev sim.

L- -Cyclohexylglycine (Chg) yog cov amino acid uas tsis yog-polar uas yog sterically hindered. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj nruab nrab thiab tseem muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntuj.

Cov roj (cholesterol) yog tsim los ntawm daim siab thiab lwm cov hlwb hauv lub cev, tab sis nws kuj tuaj yeem los ntawm cov khoom noj uas peb noj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm cov khoom tsiaj xws li nqaij, nqaij qaib, thiab cov khoom noj muaj roj. Cov roj (cholesterol) tuaj yeem txuas nrog peptides los txhim kho cov tshuaj pharmacokinetics.

cis-Hydroxyproline, stereoisomer ntawm natural trans-hydroxyproline.

Citrulline yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov protein raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib tug post-translational enzymatic hloov ntawm arginine residues.

CMK yog RSK2 kinase inhibitor nrog lub zog zoo sib xws tab sis tsis tshua muaj tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov dua li FMK.

C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) yog peptide los ntawm vascular endothelial hlwb, paub txog nws cov teebmeem vasodilatory. Nws nthuav tawm cov qauv thiab lub cev zoo sib xws rau atrial thiab hlwb natriuretic peptides (ANP thiab BNP).

L- -Cyclopentylglycyl (Cpg), yog cov amino acid uas tsis yog-polar uas yog sterically hindered.

Nyob rau hauv peptide ib theem zuj zus, cov residue tshwj xeeb uas txuas nrog cov kab sib lawv liag los ntawm nws cov amino pawg, tawm hauv nws nrog ib pab pawg carboxy dawb.Qhov seem ntawm pawg carboxyl no tuaj yeem hloov kho xws li amidation lossis, xws li pyroglutamate, sab hauv lactamization.

Cyanine 3 yog xim liab-fluorescent cyanine dye feem ntau zoo siab los ntawm lub teeb ci nyob ib puag ncig 558 nm thiab emitting lub teeb ntawm kwv yees li 572 nm.

Cyanine 5 yog cyanine dye fluorophore uas emits ze-infrared fluorescence feem ntau zoo siab los ntawm lub teeb qhov chaw nyob ib ncig ntawm 646 nm thiab emitting lub teeb ntawm kwv yees li 664 nm.

L- , -Diaminobutyric acid yog ib qho ,ω-diamino acid, luv luv analogue ntawm ornithine (Orn) thiab lysine (Lys). Nrog kev tiv thaiv tsim nyog, ω-diamino acids tuaj yeem xaiv hloov kho ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm Nω los yog koom ua ke los tsim cov peptides lossis dendrimers.

3-(Dimethylaminoazo)benzene-4-carboxylic acid, yog ib qho chromophore txuas nrog cov amino pawg siv hauv biochemistry thiab molecular biology daim ntawv thov raws li quencher hauv fluorescence resonance zog hloov (FRET), xws li EDANS. Excitation ntawm DABYL ntawm 454 nm.

Dabsyl ,4-dimethylaminobenzenesulfonyl chloride, Ib chromophore txuas rau cov amino pawg siv los ua quencher ua ke, xws li EDANS. Excitation ntawm Dabsyl ntawm 436 nm.

4-Dimethylamino-1-naphthalene-sulfonyl, fluorophor txuas nrog cov amino pawg, excitation ntawm 342 nm, emission ntawm 562 nm.

L- , -Diaminopropionic acid (Dap los yog Dpr) yog ib qho ,ω-diamino acid, uas yog luv luv analogue ntawm diaminobutyric acid (Dab), ornithine (Orn), thiab lysine (Lys). Hloov cov derivatives ntawm ,ω-diamino acids tuaj yeem xaiv hloov pauv ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm Nω lossis koom ua ke los tsim cov ceg peptides lossis dendrimers.

1-(4,4-Dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)ethyl (Dde) yog ib pab pawg tiv thaiv amino siv hauv peptide synthesis. Nws tuaj yeem raug xaiv xaiv siv 2% hydrazine hydrate hauv dimethylformamide (DMF). Nω-Dde tso cai rau kev tshem tawm Dde los ntawm cov amino acids xws li Dap, Dab, Orn, los yog Lys tom qab Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), ua kom yooj yim rau kev hloov kho ntawm cov Nω-amino pawg.

Disulfide bonds yog covalent bonds tsim ntawm ob pawg sulfhydryl (-SH) ntawm cysteine ​​residues hauv cov protein.

2, 4-dimethoxybenzyl yog ib qho acid-labile formamide tiv thaiv pab pawg siv rau kev hloov kho pob txha rov qab hauv peptide synthesis. Lawv tau koom nrog thaum lub sij hawm solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) raws li cov amino acid los yog dipeptide Fmoc-Dmb (Fmoc-Xaa-DmbYaa-OH), qhov twg Fmoc tiv thaiv peptide aggregation thiab yog li txhawb nqa elongation zoo. Dmb kuj tseem txhawb kev ua haujlwm cyclization thiab tiv thaiv kev tsim asparagimide. Tsis zoo li Hmb derivatives, Dmb tsis tsim benzoxazepines thaum ua kom.

2;

4,4′-Dimethoxydityl, tseem hu ua bis-(4-}methoxyphenyl)methyl, yog acid-labile carboxamide tiv thaiv pab pawg uas tau sib xws nrog Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS).

DOPA, 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, yog ib qho ua ntej rau ntau yam neurotransmitters tseem ceeb, suav nrog dopamine, norepinephrine, thiab epinephrine.

(4,7,10-Tricarboxymethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecyl)-acetic acid, abbreviated li DOTA, yog cyclic chelator feem ntau txuas rau N-terminus ntawm peptides. DOTA pab txhawb kev sau npe ntawm peptides nrog radionuclides xws li 68Ga lossis 90Y rau ntau yam kev siv tshuaj biomedical, suav nrog kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev kho mob.

Diphenylmethyl (dityl), ib pawg acid-labile N-, O-, thiab S-tiv thaiv pawg.

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) yog ib qho tseem ceeb chelating tus neeg sawv cev rau radionuclides xws li (68) Ga, (99m) Tc thiab (111)In, uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov tshuaj nuclear.

5-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (EDANS) yog fluorophore feem ntau txuas rau Nω ntawm diamino acids xws li lysine. Nws nquag siv hauv FRET substrates, feem ntau ua ke nrog quenchers zoo li DBCYL. EDANS muaj qhov ua kom muaj zog ntawm 340 nm thiab tawm ntawm 490 nm.

Endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide.

Ethyl, ib pawg alkyl thiab homolog ntawm methyl (Me), yog siv rau kev hloov pauv mus tas li N- thiab S-ethylation hauv peptides.

Epitope mapping (antigen epitope mapping) yog txheej txheem siv los txiav txim qhov chaw tshwj xeeb (uas yog, antigen epitopes) ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tuaj yeem lees paub los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lossis lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Antigen epitopes tuaj yeem muab faib ua linear epitopes thiab conformational epitopes. Los ntawm daim ntawv qhia antigen epitope, peb tuaj yeem nkag siab tob txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm antigen, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv, kuaj kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab lwm yam.
Qee qhov feem ntau siv antigen epitope daim ntawv qhia txoj kev suav nrog:
X-ray crystallography: Nws tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov qauv peb-dimensional ntawm cov antigen, yog li txiav txim siab txoj hauj lwm ntawm epitope.
Nuclear magnetic resonance: Nws kuj tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas cov qauv ntawm cov antigen los txiav txim qhov epitope.
Peptide scanning txheej txheem: Siv cov txheej txheem sib tshooj ntawm cov khoom sib tshooj peptide los txheeb xyuas cov epitope uas khi rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Piv txwv li, hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv, qhia meej cov epitopes tseem ceeb ntawm antigen pab tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo dua thiab ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntau dua; Hauv kev kuaj kab mob, kev txiav txim siab cov antigen epitopes ntsig txog cov kab mob tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas kom raug ntau dua.

5-FAM (5-Carboxyfluorescein) yog cov tshuaj fluorophore uas nquag siv rau kev sau npe biomolecules, nrog rau qhov excitation wavelength ntawm 490 nm thiab emission ntawm 520 nm.

Fluorescein-6-carbonyl yog ib qho fluorophore txuas nrog cov amino pawg, nrog rau qhov kev tawm dag zog ntawm 490 nm thiab emission ntawm 520 nm.

Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) yog cov tshuaj fluorophore uas cuam tshuam nrog cov amino pawg. Thaum tagging peptide ntawm nws lub N-terminus nrog FITC, ib qho chaw zoo li -alanine lossis Ahx feem ntau raug tso. FITC muaj qhov ua kom muaj zog ntawm 490 nm thiab emission ntawm 520 nm.

9-Fluorenylmethyl yog ib pawg tiv thaiv lub hauv paus siv rau O- thiab S-tiv thaiv.

FMK, fluoromethyl ketone, yog ib qho irreversible inhibitor ntawm RSK2 kinase.

9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), cov amino tiv thaiv pawg hauv FMOC solid-phase synthesis, tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm nrog 20% ​​piperidine/DMF.

Formyl yog ib pab pawg tiv thaiv indole siv hauv Boc-SPPS. Trp(For) yog cleaved los ntawm HF nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug mercaptan los yog los ntawm lub hauv paus xws li piperidine.

Fluorescence resonance zog hloov (FRET) yog kev hloov pauv ntawm lub zog tsis muaj hluav taws xob los ntawm kev zoo siab fluorophore (tus pub) mus rau qhov tsim nyog txais (quencher). Kev hloov pauv nyob ntawm qhov deb, dipole orientation, thiab spectral overlap ntawm tus pub thiab txais. Hauv FRET substrates, fluorophore thiab quencher yog txuas ntawm peptide saw. Enzymatic cleavage nce fluorescence los ntawm kev sib cais tus pub thiab tus txais.

Fluorescence yog lub teeb tawm los ntawm cov khoom uas nqus lub teeb lossis lwm yam hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum cov molecules hu ua fluorophores nqus photons ntawm ib lub wavelength tshwj xeeb, zoo siab, thiab tom qab ntawd emit photons thiab rov qab mus rau hauv av. Lub teeb emitted feem ntau muaj qhov ntev wavelength thiab qis zog tshaj lub teeb absorbed, uas ua rau ib tug yam ntxwv fluorescence spectrum. Qhov tshwm sim no tau siv dav rau ntau yam kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kho mob, suav nrog microscopy, flow cytometry, thiab fluorescence spectroscopy.

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), tseem hu ua glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, belongs rau secretin tsev neeg ntawm cov tshuaj hormones. Nws txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin, inhibits gastric acid secretion, thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov tshuaj insulin secretion thiab qabzib homeostasis.

L- -Carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) yog tsim los ntawm post-translational carboxylation ntawm glutamic acid, uas ua rau cov proteins muaj peev xwm khi calcium ions, xws li osteocalcin. Gla-muaj peptides yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua ke siv Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), vim Gla tuaj yeem ua rau decarboxylation kom tawm los glutamic acid nyob rau hauv muaj zog acids.

Glucagon-zoo li peptides yog cov tswv cuab ntawm glucagon superfamily ntawm peptide cov tshuaj hormones muab los ntawm C-terminal cheeb tsam ntawm proglucagon. Lawv feem ntau yog synthesized los ntawm plab hnyuv L hlwb.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (LHRH) yog ib qho tshuaj decapeptide uas tsim nyob rau hauv hypothalamic neurosecretory hlwb thiab tso tawm hauv pulsatile bursts rau hauv pituitary portal ncig. Pulsatile secretion yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua me nyuam, kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib deev, thiab kev sib txawv.

Kev loj hlob hormone-tso hormone (GHRH), tseem hu ua somatorelin, yog ib qho tshuaj hypothalamic peptide uas txhawb nqa lub caj pas pituitary kom tso tawm thiab tsim cov tshuaj hormones loj hlob.

Kev loj hlob hormone-tso hormone (GHRH), tseem hu ua somatorelin, yog ib qho tshuaj hypothalamic peptide uas txhawb nqa lub caj pas pituitary kom tso tawm thiab tsim cov tshuaj hormones loj hlob.

Tib neeg leukocyte antigen (HLA) yog hais txog ib pawg ntawm cov proteins pom nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov hlwb uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob kev lees paub ntawm cov khoom txawv teb chaws. Lawv tau encoded los ntawm lub loj histocompatibility complex (MHC) noob nyob rau hauv tib neeg thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev nthuav qhia ntawm antigens rau T hlwb, ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob kom paub qhov txawv ntawm nws tus kheej thiab tsis-tus kheej hlwb. HLA molecules muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab polymorphic, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau tib neeg lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob autoimmune thiab kev hloov pauv.

2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl yog acid-labile formamide tiv thaiv pab pawg siv rau kev hloov kho pob txha rov qab hauv peptide synthesis. Nws yog incorporated raws li ib tug amino acid los yog Fmoc-Hmb dipeptide (Fmoc-Xaa-HmbYaa-OH) thaum lub sij hawm solid-phase Fmoc peptide synthesis (SPPS), tiv thaiv aggregation thiab ua kom muaj zog peptide extension. Hmb kuj pab hauv cyclization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv kev tsim asparagine.

L-Homoarginine yog homologue ntawm L-arginine, abbreviated li Har, thiab tuaj yeem pom hauv ntshav thiab zis. Homoarginine yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm guanidination ntawm lysine, uas tuaj yeem ua rau peptides thiab cov proteins.

Homocitrulline yog homolog ntawm L-citrulline, abbreviated li Hci, thiab tuaj yeem kuaj pom hauv tib neeg cov zis.

L-homocysteine ​​​​yog homologue ntawm cysteine, abbreviated li Hcy, thiab yog tsim los ntawm demethylation ntawm methionine. Cov ntshav siab Hcy qib yog qhov muaj feem pheej hmoo rau cov kab mob plawv thiab cov kab mob neurodegenerative. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau Cys derivatives, Hcy derivatives tsis racemize thaum coupling, los yog tsis -elimin.

Homologues ntawm L-leucine, abbreviated li Hle.

Homophenylalanine, homologue ntawm phenylalanine, abbreviated li Hph, yog ib feem ntawm ACE thiab renin inhibitors. Fmoc-Homophe-OH yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.

L-homoproline los yog L-picolic acid, abbreviated li Pip los yog Hpr. Proline homologue Hpr yog cov khoom degradation ntawm L-lysine. Ob leeg enantiomers tuaj yeem kuaj pom hauv tib neeg plasma. Txij li thaum cov residues proline cuam tshuam rau kev ua raws li peptide, hloov Pro nrog Hpr (los yog azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (Aze)) tuaj yeem hloov kho nws cov qauv theem nrab.

L-transhydroxyproline yog tsim tom qab kev txhais lus los ntawm oxidation ntawm proline. Hyp yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm collagen thiab mussel protein.

Isoserine, ib qho isomer ntawm L-serine, yog ib-amino acid.

ivDde, ib pawg tiv thaiv amino, tuaj yeem tiv thaiv thiab cleaved los ntawm 2% hydrazine hydrate hauv DMF. ivDde ruaj khov dua Dde kom nquag siv ntau yam kev kho piperidine thaum Fmoc-SPPS. Nω-ivDde tuaj yeem raug xaiv tshem tawm los ntawm Dap, Dab Orn, lossis Lys, tso cai rau kev hloov kho tom qab-synthetic on-resin ntawm pawg Nω-amino.

Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) yog ib qho loj oxygen-carrying multisubunit metalloprotein pom nyob rau hauv hemolymph ntawm giant keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Raws li tus neeg nqa khoom antigen, KLH feem ntau txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev sib txuas lub hom phiaj polypeptide ib ntus, txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo, tshwj xeeb thiab ua haujlwm.

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH los yog GnRH) yog ib qho tshuaj hormone decapeptide synthesized los ntawm neurosecretory hlwb nyob rau hauv lub hypothalamus thiab tso tawm pulsatilely rau hauv pituitary portal ncig. Pulsatile secretion yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ua me nyuam, kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib deev, thiab kev sib txawv.

Hauv peptide tsim thiab synthesis, reserachers tuaj yeem ntxig qhov txuas ntawm biotin lossis fluorescent thiab peptides. Ib hom hydrophobic spacer yog aminohexanoic acid (Ahx), thiab ib qho hydrophilic spacer yog poly (ethylene) glycol (PEG).

Freeze-drying txheej txheem, uas tshem tawm cov kua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kub-rhiab heev. Cov khoom yog khov, muab tso rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev siab, thiab khaws cia ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Lub siab tsim los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev ua rau cov dej khov hloov ntawm cov khoom mus rau lub xeev gaseous yam tsis tau dhau los ntawm cov kua hauv lub xeev. Peptides feem ntau yog xa raws li lyophilized hmoov.

Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry yog cov txheej txheem kev tshuaj ntsuam ntau yam uas sib xyaw ua kua chromatography nrog cov spectrometry loj los muab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv ntawm cov molecules hauv cov qauv nyuaj.

Ntau Antigenic Peptides. Multiple Antigenic Peptide yog ib txoj hauv kev muaj zog los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv peptide siab thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv peptide.

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption / Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) yog cov txheej txheem tshuaj xyuas siv los ntsuas qhov loj-rau-them piv ntawm ions. Nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pab tau rau kev tsom xam ntawm biomolecules xws li peptides, proteins, thiab polymers.

Mass spectrometry (MS) yog ib tug haib analytical txheej txheem siv los ntsuas qhov loj-rau-them piv (m/z) ntawm ions.

4-Methoxy- -naphthylamide, luv luv li MNA, yog fluorophore uas feem ntau yog txuas nrog carboxypeptidase substrate ntawm C terminus. Cleaved 4M NA excites ntawm 335-350 nm thiab tawm ntawm 410-440 nm

Methoxybenzenesulfonyl (Mbs) yog ib pab pawg tiv thaiv guanidyl siv hauv Boc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (Boc-SPPS). Cov pab pawg tiv thaiv no tuaj yeem tiv thaiv los ntawm kev sib cais nrog hydrogen fluoride (HF).

4-Methylbenzyl (Mbzl) yog ib pawg sulfhydryl tiv thaiv siv hauv Boc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (Boc-SPPS). Mbzl ruaj khov dua li methoxybenzyl (Mob) raws li kev kho mob trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) thiab tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm hydrogen fluoride (HF) cleavage.

(7-Methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetic acid (Mca) yog cov tshuaj fluorophore uas tuaj yeem txuas mus rau ib pawg amino.
Mca khi rau dinitrophenyl (Dnp) rau fluorescence resonance zog hloov (FRET) substrates. Lub excitation wavelength yog 325 nm, thiab emission wavelength yog 392 nm.

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) yog cyclic neuropeptide thawj zaug cais tawm ntawm cov ntses thiab nas. MCH feem ntau koom nrog hauv kev tswj cov tawv nqaij pigmentation hauv cov ntses teleost thiab pub tus cwj pwm hauv cov tsiaj.

Methyl, qhov yooj yim alkyl hloov pauv, koom nrog hauv N-, O-, thiab S-methylation, uas ua rau kev hloov pauv mus tas li ntawm peptide.

3-Methoxysuccinyl, sib xws rau deaminated Asp(OMe), yog ib pawg N-terminal thaiv pawg feem ntau koom ua ke hauv carboxypeptidase substrates.

Methylation yog ib qho kev hloov pauv tom qab (PTM) ntawm peptides thiab cov proteins uas ib pawg methyl (-CH3) yog enzymatically ntxiv rau cov amino acid residues, feem ntau lysine (Lys), arginine (Arg), histidine (Nws), los yog glutamate ( Glu). Qhov kev hloov pauv no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov protein ua haujlwm, kev ruaj ntseg, thiab kev cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov molecules, yog li ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm tes nrog rau cov noob caj noob ces, kev hloov pauv, thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov protein.

Qhov loj histocompatibility complex (MHC) yog ib cheeb tsam genetic muaj cov noob uas encode MHC molecules. Cov molecules no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab hauv autoimmunity. Hauv tib neeg, qhov complex no tseem hu ua human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system.

MHC chav kawm I (MHC I) molecules yog cov proteins ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes uas nthuav tawm peptides los ntawm sab hauv ntawm tes mus rau cytotoxic T hlwb. Qhov no yuav pab kom lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob paub thiab rhuav tshem cov kab mob lossis cov kab mob txawv txav, tseem ceeb heev rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob thiab mob qog noj ntshav.

MHC chav kawm II (MHC II) molecules yog cov cell ntawm cov proteins uas nthuav tawm peptides muab los ntawm cov khoom txawv teb chaws los pab T hlwb. Qhov kev sib cuam tshuam no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev sib koom tes tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua kom lwm lub hlwb tiv thaiv kab mob.

Monomethylated arginine (MMA) yog ib qho kev hloov pauv tom qab uas ib pawg methyl (-CH3) yog enzymatically ntxiv rau guanidino nitrogen ntawm ib qho arginine residue hauv peptide lossis protein.

3-mercaptopropylamine, tuaj yeem siv los ua peptide ligand lossis hloov kho hauv ntau yam kev siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab biomedical.

Myristoylation yog cov txheej txheem hloov kho lipid nyob rau hauv ib pab pawg myristoyl, suav nrog 14-carbon saturated fatty acid, yog covalently txuas rau N-terminus ntawm peptide. Qhov kev hloov kho no rau thauj tog rau nkoj cov protein rau lub cell membrane, yooj yim rau nws cov txheej txheem hauv zos thiab kev koom tes hauv ntau cov txheej txheem cell.

-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine yog ib qho nonpolar amino acid derivative zoo ib yam li phenylalanine, tab sis nrog ib pab pawg naphthyl es tsis yog ib pawg phenyl.

-(2-Naphthyl) alanine yog nonpolar amino acid derivative zoo ib yam li phenylalanine, tab sis nrog ib pab pawg naphthyl es tsis txhob ntawm ib pawg phenyl.

3-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazole (NBD) feem ntau yog qhia los ntawm kev sib txuas cov reagent NBD-Cl rau peptide. NBD-labeled peptides tau xaiv dav rau lawv cov txiaj ntsig hauv kev tshawb fawb tsom mus rau daim nyias nyias thiab cell biology.

N-Ethylamide tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib daim ntawv decarboxylated ntawm C-terminal alanine. Hauv LHRH agonist buserelin, NHEt yog ib qho analog ntawm C-terminal glycinamide. Peptide N-ethylamide tiv taus kev degradation los ntawm carboxypeptidases.

L-norleucine (Nle) yog ib qho ruaj khov isostere ntawm L-methionine. Thaum kev ua haujlwm lom neeg ntawm peptide raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tsim sulfoxide, Nle tuaj yeem hloov pauv rau Met yam tsis tau hloov pauv nws tus cwj pwm ua haujlwm.

NOTA, 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid, yog ib tug bifunctional chelator uas ua hauj lwm raws li lub moj khaum rau tsim PET imaging cuab yeej. Nws kuj yog siv rau hauv kev sojntsuam tsim thiab teeb liab amplification los ntawm cov teebmeem multivalent thiab tuav cov ntaub ntawv siv tau raws li kev kuaj mob gallium radiopharmaceutical.

N-Me feem ntau yog hais txog N-methylation, kev hloov kho tshuaj nyob rau hauv uas ib pawg methyl (-CH 3) txuas nrog nitrogen atom hauv cov molecule, xws li N-Me-Gly, N-Me-Ser, N-Me -Tyr, N-Me-Thr, N-Me-Asp, N-Me-Glu, N-Me-Ala, N-Me-Phe, N-Me-Leu, N-Me-Ile, N-Me-Val, N-Me-Met, N-Me-Nle, N-Me-Nva, thiab lwm yam.

NODAGA,1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-diacetic acid, yog ib qho zoo heev bifunctional chelator rau kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm organometallic radiopharmaceuticals, muab qhov tseem ceeb muaj peev xwm rau cov ntawv thov hauv kev kuaj pom thiab tsom mus rau radiotherapy.

2-Nitrophenylthio (Nps) yog ib pawg S-tiv thaiv siv hauv Boc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (Boc-SPPS). Nws tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm thiols, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm cov pab pawg dawb sulfhydryl ntawm cysteine ​​(Cys), ua rau muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov nyiaj disulfide.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) yog ib qho tseem ceeb neuropeptide nyob rau hauv lub hlwb thiab ib feem ntawm cov neuropeptide Y tsev neeg, uas muaj xws li pancreatic polypeptide (PP) thiab peptide YY (PYY).

2-Nitro-2-pyridylsulfenyl (Npys) yog ib pawg S-tiv thaiv uas tau sib xws nrog Boc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (Boc-SPPS). Npys tuaj yeem cleaved los ntawm thiols, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm cov dawb sulfhydryl pawg cysteine ​​(Cys), uas ua rau ib txhij tsim ntawm ib tug disulfide daim ntawv cog lus.

Norvaline yog nonpolar aliphatic amino acid thiab homolog ntawm -aminobutyric acid (Abu).

-Naphthylamide yog fluorophore feem ntau siv hauv carboxypeptidase substrates, feem ntau txuas ntawm C-terminus ntawm peptides. Cleaved NA excites ntawm 330 nm thiab emits ntawm 370 nm.

-Naphthylamide yog fluorophore feem ntau siv hauv carboxypeptidase substrates, feem ntau txuas ntawm C-terminus ntawm peptides. Cleaved NA ntawm 320-340 nm, emission ntawm 410-420 nm.

Allyl ester yog ib pab pawg tiv thaiv carboxyl uas sib haum nrog Fmoc- thiab Boc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Zoo ib yam li Aloc, allyl esters tuaj yeem raug xaiv tshem tawm los ntawm kev kho mob nrog Pd (PPh3)4. Hauv Fmoc-SPPS, Asp (OAll) yog qhov cuam tshuam rau lub hauv paus-catalyzed tsim ntawm aspartimide.

Benzyl ester, pawg tiv thaiv carboxyl, tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm catalytic hydrogenation (xws li H2 / Pd) lossis cov kua qaub muaj zog.

OcHex yog tus qauv carboxyl tiv thaiv pawg siv hauv Boc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (Boc-SPPS).

4-(N-[1(4,4-Dimethyl-2),6-dioxocyclohexylidene)-3-ethylbutyl]amino)benzyl ester (ODmab) yog carboxyl tiv thaiv pab pawg siv hauv Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc-SPPS). Nws tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm thiab tiv thaiv siv 2% hydrazine hydrate hauv DMF.

2,4-Dimethoxybenzyl ester yog ib qho acid-labile carboxyl tiv thaiv pawg uas tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm siv 1% TFA hauv dichloromethane.

Ethyl ester, Vim yog cov xwm txheej nruj uas xav tau rau kev tshem tawm ntawm ethyl esters, hloov peptides nrog ethyl esters tuaj yeem txhim kho lawv lipophilicity thiab stability.

9-Fluorenylmethyl ester yog lub hauv paus-labile carboxyl tiv thaiv pawg uas tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm siv piperidine hauv DMF.

Hexyl esters, Vim yog cov xwm txheej nruj uas xav tau rau kev tshem tawm ntawm ethyl esters, hloov peptides nrog ethyl esters tuaj yeem txhim kho lawv lipophilicity thiab stability.

L-Otahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid (Oic) yog ib qho tsis muaj polar hindered amino acid. Kev ntxig ntawm no proline-txog amino acid rau hauv polypeptide ib ntus cuam tshuam rau kev ua raws ntawm peptide.

Methyl esters yog ib nrab-ntev C-terminal tiv thaiv pawg hauv cov kua-theem synthesis, thiab lawv tuaj yeem hloov mus rau peptide hydrazides, precursors ntawm reactive peptide azides. Azide coupling tseem yog qhov nrov tshaj plaws fragment coupling txoj hauv kev ua kua-theem peptide synthesis.

3-Methylpent-3-yl ester (OMpe) yog ib qho acid-labile carboxyl tiv thaiv pab pawg nquag ua haujlwm los tiv thaiv pawg carboxyl ntawm aspartic acid (Asp) hauv Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc-SPPS) ).Qhov no ntau sterically xav tau tert-butyl ester analogue tau tsim tshwj xeeb los txo cov hauv paus-catalyzed asparagimide tsim.

Ortho-nitrophenyl esters ntawm Boc- los yog Z-amino acids yog preactivated derivatives siv nyob rau hauv peptide tov synthesis.

Ornithine (Orn) yog tsim los ntawm arginine thaum lub sij hawm urea voj voog thiab tseem tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv peptides raws li arginine degradation khoom. Orn tsim los ntawm acylation ntawm guanidine moiety ntawm arginine yog ib qho tshwm sim tshwm sim hauv peptide synthesis.

Hydroxysuccinimide ester (OSu, abbreviated li NHS) yog preactivated amino acid derivative uas feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv peptide synthesis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog peptide hloov. OSu esters muaj kev nyab xeeb, tsis yog-steric, sib xws nrog cov tshuab aqueous thiab yooj yim los daws.

Tert-butyl ester, ib pawg acid-labile carboxyl tiv thaiv cov amino acids hauv peptide synthesis.

4-aminobenzoic acid (para-aminobenzoic acid), tuaj yeem siv rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib txuas. Piv txwv li, Mal-PEG2-Val-Cit-PABA yog ib qho cleavable antibody drug conjugate (ADC) linker.

PABC (para-aminobenzyl carbamate) yog cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke siv hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib xyaw (ADCs) ua tus txuas. Nws pab txhawb kev txuas cov tshuaj rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv kev tswj hwm, ua kom cov tshuaj xa mus rau hauv kev kho mob qog noj ntshav thiab lwm yam kev siv biomedical. Piv txwv li, Mc-Val-Cit-PABC-PNP yog ib tug cathepsin-cleavable linker siv nyob rau hauv antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) yog ib qho kev txuag neuropeptide uas tau nthuav tawm thoob plaws hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov tsiaj. Nws exerts nws cov teebmeem lom los ntawm kev txhim kho intracellular cyclic AMP qib los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam receptor.

Palmitoyl, ib pawg nonpolar acyl qhia ntawm N-terminus lossis sab. Palmitoylation kuj tau pom tias yog kev hloov pauv tom qab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov protein.

Phenylacetamide methyl resin yog cov cob qhia tshwj xeeb rau Boc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (Boc-SPPS). Peptides synthesized ntawm no resin tuaj yeem tso tawm siv HF cleavage.

Hauv Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs), tus linker txuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cytotoxic payload. Kev xaiv ntawm kev them nyiaj yog qhov tseem ceeb vim nws txiav txim siab qhov ua tau zoo thiab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm ADCs hauv kev xa cov kev kho mob rau cov ntaub so ntswg los ntawm cov txheej txheem tso tawm tshwj xeeb.

2,2,4,6,7-Pentamethyldihydrobenzofuran-5-sulfonyl (Pbf) yog cov nyiam guanidino tiv thaiv pab pawg siv hauv Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc-SPPS). Nws nthuav tawm me ntsis acid-lability piv rau Pmc.

Penicillamine yog ib qho analog ntawm L-cysteine ​​​​tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev hloov ntawm ib pawg methyl (-CH3) nrog carboxylic acid (-COOH).

Peptide self-assembly yog thaum peptides ib txwm npaj lawv tus kheej rau hauv cov qauv txiav txim yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam sab nraud. Cov txheej txheem no yog tsav los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam tsis zoo xws li hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic rog, thiab π-π stacking. Peptide self-assembly tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam nanostructures suav nrog fibers, spheres, nplooj ntawv, thiab gels, uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv siv science, biotechnology, thiab tshuaj.

Phenylacetyl (Phenylac los yog Phac) yog ib pawg acyl feem ntau txuas ntawm N-terminus ntawm peptides, tus cwj pwm los ntawm qis polarity piv rau acetyl (Ac). Nws suav nrog kev hloov pauv mus tas li ntawm peptides.

phenylglycine (Phg) yog ib qho amino acid derivative qhov twg phenyl pawg hloov pauv rau hydrogen atom hauv glycine molecule

Peptide Histidine Isoleucine (PHI), porcine peptide cuam tshuam nrog VIP thiab secretin.

Peptide histidine methionine (PHM), tib neeg peptide ntsig txog VIP.

Lub isoelectric point (pI) txhais tau tias yog qib pH uas cov protein / peptide muaj tus nqi ntawm xoom (Smoluch li al., 2016).

2,2,5,7,8-Pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonyl (Pmc) yog ib pab pawg tiv thaiv guanidinyl uas nquag siv hauv Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc-SPPS). Nws tau sau tseg tias yog me ntsis acid-labile piv rau Pbf.

p-Nitroaniline, chromophore, feem ntau yog conjugated rau C-terminus ntawm carboxypeptidase substrates. Kev nqus ntawm cov liberated p-nitroaniline feem ntau ntsuas ntawm wavelengths nyob ib ncig ntawm 405 lossis 410 nm.

L-Propargylglycine (Pra) yog tsim los ntawm cov kab mob. Cov amino acid no, tus cwj pwm los ntawm nws cov qauv kev sib koom ua ke, tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo raws li lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov peptides uas muaj peev xwm koom nrog "nias chemistry" cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ua rau muaj kev mob siab rau hauv thaj chaw.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) yog peptide hormone tso tawm los ntawm cov qog parathyroid, tseem ceeb heev rau kev tswj hwm calcium thiab phosphorus homeostasis hauv cov kua dej ntxiv.

Kev hloov pauv tom qab kev txhais lus (PTMs) ntawm cov protein ntxiv cov pab pawg ua haujlwm lossis cov protein, txiav cov kev tswj hwm subunits, lossis rhuav tshem tag nrho cov protein. Cov kev hloov no, xws li phosphorylation, glycosylation, methylation, acetylation, lipidation, ubiquitination, nitrosylation, thiab proteolysis, cuam tshuam li cas cov hlwb ua haujlwm ib txwm thiab thaum muaj kab mob. Nkag siab txog PTMs yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb hauv paus thiab nrhiav kev kho tshiab.

pyroglutamic acid, kuj paub los ntawm cov ntawv luv xws li Pgl, Glp, pGlu, los yog

phenylazobenzylmethoxycarbonyl yog ib pab pawg chromophoric N-tiv thaiv siv nyob rau hauv peptide synthesis, cleavable los ntawm catalytic hydrogenation los yog muaj zog acid. Nws nthuav tawm qhov siab tshaj plaws nqus wavelength ntawm 229 nm, 320 nm, thiab 441 nm.

Ib khub quencher muaj cov fluorescent molecule (fluorophore) thiab quencher molecule siv nyob rau hauv fluorescence-raws li kev tshawb fawb thiab kev soj ntsuam. Lub quencher absorbs lub teeb tawm los ntawm fluorophore, txo nws cov fluorescence. Thaum cov fluorophore thiab quencher sib cais, xws li los ntawm cov tshuaj biochemical, cov teeb liab fluorescence nce. Qhov no tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb los ntsuas qhov hloov pauv ntawm lub sijhawm thiab kev sib cuam tshuam. Cov txheej txheem no feem ntau siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov xws li PCR lub sijhawm tiag tiag, kev sojntsuam molecular, thiab FRET (Förster Resonance Energy Transfer) kev soj ntsuam.

Fluorine-18 yog radioligand feem ntau siv hauv PET duab los ntsuas cov piam thaj metabolism hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab feem ntau siv rau hauv kev kuaj mob qog noj ntshav thiab kuaj pom lub hlwb.

Lub tsev qiv ntawv random peptide yog ib phau ntawm ntau qhov luv peptide sequences generated random. Txhua peptide nyob rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov amino acids nrog randomly txiav txim raws li ib tug sequences, tsim ib tug ntau yam ntawm peptide molecules. Cov kws tshawb fawb siv cov tsev qiv ntawv no los tshuaj xyuas peptides nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb, kev ua haujlwm lom neeg, lossis kev cuam tshuam nrog lub hom phiaj molecules. Lawv muaj txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tshuaj, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov protein-protein, pab txheeb xyuas cov kev kho tshiab thiab nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem lom neeg.

Ib qho residue yog ib tus neeg amino acid hauv peptide lossis protein. Raws li cov amino acids koom ua ke los ntawm peptide daim ntawv cog lus los tsim cov chains, txhua chav amino acid yog hu ua residue. Lo lus no yog siv vim hais tias thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm peptide daim ntawv cog lus, txhua amino acid poob ib tug dej molecule (H2O), tawm hauv qab dab tsi yog hu ua ib tug residue.

Resin yog ib qho insoluble polymer siv nyob rau hauv solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) ua ib qho khoom txhawb rau kev sib txuas ntxiv ntawm cov amino acids. Resin hlaws muab qhov chaw ruaj khov thiab inert nto rau qhov pib cov amino acids covalently txuas, tso cai rau cov saw peptide tsim cov khoom seem-los ntawm cov seem.

Rhodamine B yog ib lub ci liab liab rau xim liab nrog ib qho excitation wavelength feem ntau nyob ib ncig ntawm 540-570 nm thiab lub teeb tawm ntawm 560-580 nm. Nws yog feem ntau conjugated rau peptide ib ntus ntawm N-terminal amino pawg ntawm peptide

Reversed-theem high-performance kua chromatograph.

Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) cov tshuaj yog tsim los ntawm kev kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tshuaj cov qauv tshuaj thiab nws cov khoom lom.

Sarcosine, qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws N-alkylated amino acid.

Symmetrical dimethylarginine(SDMA, Arg(Me)2), Fmoc-Arg(Me)2-OH (symmetrical) tuaj yeem siv ncaj qha rau kev sib txuas ntawm peptides uas muaj symmetric dimethylarginine.

Solid-theem peptide synthesis (SPPS) yog ib txoj hauv kev rau cov tshuaj synthesis ntawm peptides, qhov twg peptides tau sib sau ua ke ntawm cov khoom txhawb nqa lossis cov resin los ntawm kev ntxiv cov amino acids tiv thaiv. SPPS suav nrog ob lub tswv yim: Fmoc-SPPS thiab Boc-SPPS, uas sib txawv hauv kev xaiv N-amino pab pawg tiv thaiv pawg (Fmoc lossis Boc) thiab sab saw tiv thaiv pawg. Hom N-amino tiv thaiv pab pawg xaiv dictates sab saw tiv thaiv lub tswv yim thiab cov xwm txheej rau qhov kawg cleavage ntawm peptide los ntawm cov resin.

Statine, abbreviated li Sta, yog ib qho uas tsis yog-protein amino acid uas feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tsim peptide mimetics, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov synthesis ntawm protease inhibitors.

Tert-Butylthio (StBu) yog ib pab pawg S-tiv thaiv uas yog cleaved los ntawm phosphine txo thiab yog sib xws nrog Boc-SPPS.

Succinyl yog ib tug polar N-terminal hloov kho uas sib haum mus rau deaminated aspartate thiab feem ntau muab tso rau hauv carboxypeptidase substrates.

TAMRA, tseem hu ua TMR, yog fluorophore uas tuaj yeem txuas rau ib pawg amino. Nws feem ntau siv ua ke nrog FAM rau FRET substrates. TAMRA muaj ib qho excitation wavelength ntawm 485 nm thiab emission wavelength ntawm 535 nm.

Tert-butyl yog ib pab pawg tiv thaiv acid-labile feem ntau siv rau cov cawv thiab phenols, uas tuaj yeem ua tiav siv trifluoroacetic acid (TFA).

Triethylammonium phosphate yog ib qho tsis siv nyob rau hauv cov theem rov qab HPLC mobile theem.

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) tau siv rau peptide cleavage los ntawm cov cob hauv Fmoc-SPPS thiab tshem tawm cov pab pawg tiv thaiv tBu.

Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMSA) yog cov kua qaub ntau dua li TFA. TFMSA tuaj yeem siv los ua lwm txoj hauv kev nyab xeeb rau HF tshuaj lom neeg rau cov kauj ruam kawg ntawm Boc-SPPS lub tswv yim.

L-tert-leucine (Tle) yog nonpolar amino acid nrog sterically xav tau sab chains uas destabilizes -helices.

2,4,6-Trimethoxybenzyl yog ib qho acid-labile Asn thiab Gln amide tiv thaiv pab pawg siv hauv Fmoc-SPPS.

Tosyl yog siv los ua pab pawg tiv thaiv guanidine thiab imidazole hauv Boc-SPPS, thiab tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm Na / NH3.

Trityl (Trt) yog ib pab pawg tiv thaiv acid-labile ua haujlwm rau Asn, Cys, Gln, thiab Nws cov seem hauv Fmoc-SPPS. Nws tuaj yeem raug xaiv tshem tawm siv trifluoroacetic acid (TFA).

Ntshiab peptides feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv cov hmoov dawb tom qab khov-qhuav.

Vasoactive plab hnyuv peptide (VIP) yog ib qho 28-amino acid peptide belongs rau glucagon-ghrelin-secretin peptide superfamily.

9-Xanthydryl (Xan) yog acid-labile amide tiv thaiv pab pawg siv rau Asn thiab Gln residues hauv Boc-SPPS. Xan tuaj yeem xaiv tshem tawm siv TFA.

Thaum cov peptide tau sau nrog FAM fluorescein, lyophilized hmoov feem ntau pom cov tsos daj.

Z-benzyloxycarbonyl, abbreviated li Z los yog Cbz, yog siv los ua ib pawg tiv thaiv amino hauv peptide synthesis. Nws tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm siv hydrogenolysis los yog cov kua qaub uas muaj zog zoo li HF lossis HBr / acetic acid.